Prostate cancer remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, particularly those over 50. Regular screenings are pivotal in its early detection and effective management.
When Should Males Begin Prostate Cancer Screenings?
General Population
For the general male population without specific risk factors, the European Urology Association recommends starting prostate cancer screenings at the age of 50 [^1^].
Do you belong to the High-Risk group for having prostate cancer
1. Men with a family history of prostate cancer and those of African descent: These individuals are advised to commence screenings at age 45[^2^].
2. Men with BRCA2 mutations: Such men should begin their screenings at the age of 40 due to their heightened risk of developing prostate cancer at an early age [^3^].
What Tests Are Performed During the Prostate Cancer Screening?
Screening for prostate cancer usually involves a combination of the following:
1. PSA Blood Test: Measures the level of Prostate Specific Antigen in the blood.
2. Digital Rectal Examination (DRE): Physical examination of the prostate.
3. Prostate MRI Scan: Employed when other tests show abnormalities.
What are the Warning Signs of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer often presents with no early warning signs or symptoms[^4^]. Hence, it is crucial to maintain regular consultations and screenings to evaluate risk.
How often should I get my PSA checked ?
Baseline PSA
It is essential to establish a PSA baseline at the appropriate age. There is evidence that men whose PSA level is less than 1 ng/mL at age 40 and less than 2 ng/mL at age 60 are less likely to get advanced prostate cancer or die from prostate cancer in later life [5].
Retesting Intervals
1. Low-risk Men: Every 2 years if the initial test results are not alarming [^6^].
2. High-risk Men: Annually, especially if PSA levels are above the safe threshold and if they possess other significant risk factors [^7^].
Is self-examination of the prostate an option?
Self-examination of the prostate is not recommended. Only qualified healthcare providers, like primary care physicians or urologists, should perform prostate examinations [^8^].
Reflection from a urology prostate cancer consultant
In summary, when to begin and how often to undergo prostate cancer screening largely depends on one’s age, family history, and other risk factors. Consult your healthcare provider for personalized guidance.
References
[^1^]: European Urology Association. "Prostate Cancer Guidelines." EUA Official Website, 2022.
[^2^]: American Cancer Society. "High-risk Groups for Prostate Cancer." ACS Official Website, 2021.
[^3^]: National Cancer Institute. "BRCA Mutations: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing." NCI, 2022.
[^4^]: Mayo Clinic. "Prostate Cancer: Symptoms & Causes." Mayo Clinic, 2021.
[^5^]: Journal of Urology. "Baseline PSA and Risk of Prostate Cancer." Journal of Urology, 2019.
[^6^]: New England Journal of Medicine. "Retesting Intervals and PSA." NEJM, 2020.
[^7^]: European Urology Journal. "High-Risk PSA Levels and Testing Frequency." EUJ, 2021.
[^8^]: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Self-Examinations and Prostate Cancer." CDC, 2022.
